1. Product Structure and Interfacial Design
1.1 Core-Shell Structure and Bonding Device
(Copper-Coated Steel Fibers)
Copper-coated steel fibers (CCSF) are composite filaments including a high-strength steel core enveloped by a conductive copper layer, developing a metallurgically bound core-shell architecture.
The steel core, normally low-carbon or stainless-steel, provides mechanical toughness with tensile toughness exceeding 2000 MPa, while the copper finish– usually 2– 10% of the total size– conveys superb electrical and thermal conductivity.
The user interface in between steel and copper is critical for performance; it is crafted via electroplating, electroless deposition, or cladding procedures to guarantee solid attachment and marginal interdiffusion under operational anxieties.
Electroplating is the most common technique, using specific density control and uniform insurance coverage on continuous steel filaments attracted through copper sulfate bathrooms.
Correct surface area pretreatment of the steel, including cleansing, pickling, and activation, ensures optimum nucleation and bonding of copper crystals, avoiding delamination during succeeding handling or solution.
With time and at raised temperature levels, interdiffusion can develop breakable iron-copper intermetallic stages at the user interface, which may jeopardize flexibility and long-lasting dependability– an obstacle minimized by diffusion obstacles or fast handling.
1.2 Physical and Functional Properties
CCSFs combine the best qualities of both basic metals: the high elastic modulus and tiredness resistance of steel with the exceptional conductivity and oxidation resistance of copper.
Electric conductivity typically varies from 15% to 40% of International Annealed Copper Requirement (IACS), depending on finish thickness and purity, making CCSF significantly more conductive than pure steel fibers (
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